The Crownlands form one of the constituent regions of Westeros.
Unlike the other regions, it was not a separate entity prior to the War of Conquest, instead being carved out of the territory of the Riverlands and Stormlands to form a region directly controlled by the King on the Iron Throne, dominated by the new city of King's Landing and the old Targaryen trading port of Dragonstone.
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Whoever holds King's Landing and Dragonstone controls the Crownlands and, by extension, has a strong claim to the Iron Throne itself. Currently both are held in the name of King Tommen Baratheon.